The kitchen is a place we visit multiple times per day (some of us more that others). It’s where we gather for family meals and holidays, and it’s a haven for those who love to cook or bake.

We make decisions about what we eat every day, and perhaps that includes the nutritional value or healthiness of our food. But how often do we consider the toxicity or eco-friendliness of tools and vessels we use to store, prepare, and serve that food? Many materials used in kitchen products such as cookware, bakeware, and utensils contain harmful substances that can leach into our food and environment.

Non-toxic kitchen products are both healthy for us and good for the planet. Whatever items you choose, always select the highest quality your budget allows so that you aren’t frequently, or ever, buying replacements while promoting a healthier, sustainable kitchen environment.

In this article, you will learn which materials are the best for both your health and the environment, how to find non-toxic kitchen products, and product recommendations. This page is the hub for all kitchen products, but keep an eye out for future deep-dives on specific products; links are given for those already available.

Choosing non-toxic, eco-friendly kitchen products

Choosing non-toxic products, especially cookware, is a crucial component of a healthy kitchen. There are several important things to look for on labels and product descriptions to decrease your exposure to harmful chemicals in kitchen products. When evaluating kitchen products, especially those that come into contact with food, look for labels indicating the absence of the following chemicals. These are common culprits associated with health risks:

Chemical	Why to Avoid	Where Commonly Found
BPA (Bisphenol A) / BPS (Bisphenol S)	Linked to hormone disruption and other health concerns	Plastics, food storage containers, canned food linings
Lead	Toxic, can cause neurological & developmental issues	Ceramics, glazes, crystal, old or imported cookware
PFAS/PFOA (Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances)	Persistent environmental toxins, linked to cancer and other health issues	Non-stick cookware, food packaging
Phthalates	Hormone disruptors & reproductive toxins	Plastics, vinyl, food packaging, utensils
Cadmium	Toxic heavy metal linked to kidney & bone damage	Ceramics, glazes, paints
Melamine	Can leach into food, especially under heat, and is linked to kidney issues	Plastic dinnerware and utensils
PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride)	Contains phthalates & other toxic chemicals	Plastic wraps, containers, and some kitchen tools
Formaldehyde	Carcinogenic & can cause respiratory issues	Some composite woods, adhesives in cutting boards or handles

 Want to know more about which chemicals you should skip in everyday products? Check out my full guide on which toxic ingredients to avoid.

Certifications & standards for non-toxic kitchen products

When evaluating cookware and other consumer products, certifications from reputable safety standards organizations can provide assurance about their quality, safety, and compliance with regulations. Look for the verification from at least one of the following most reliable safety standards organizations. This information is usually found on product packaging or manufacturer websites.

Note that the term ‘Food Safe’ is not regulated by the FDA or any other organization, so the presence of this label alone is not necessarily an indication of safety. Look for statements like “complies with FDA regulations for food contact” or “meets FDA standards under 21 CFR.”

Governmental Regulations

• FDA (United States): Sets basic safety requirements for materials that touch food, such as coatings and metals used in cookware. The FDA does not test products, but requires that manufacturers ensure their materials are non-toxic and compliant.
• Prop 65 Compliance (California): Requires warnings if cookware contains or exposes consumers to chemicals like lead, cadmium, or certain PFAS. It is disclosure-based and does not ban products outright.
• EU Food-Contact Regulations (EC 1935/2004): One of the strictest global frameworks. Limits heavy metals, controls migration (leaching) into food, and bans many harmful chemicals used in coatings or finishes.
• REACH (European Union): Regulates chemical substances used in cookware manufacturing and restricts those with known health or environmental risks, including certain PFAS and heavy metals.
• LFGB (Germany): A highly rigorous law governing food-contact materials. LFGB-tested cookware must meet tight migration limits, making it a respected benchmark worldwide.

Independent Standards

• ISO (International Organization for Standardization): Develops technical standards for manufacturing quality, durability, and safety. ISO does not certify or test cookware but provides the framework manufacturers follow.
• NSF International: Creates standards for food-contact safety and directly tests cookware for chemical migration, durability, and structural integrity. NSF certification is respected in commercial kitchens and increasingly used in consumer cookware.

Third-Party Testing Laboratories

These labs are not regulators but perform the actual testing needed for compliance with FDA, EU, REACH, LFGB, NSF, or ISO requirements. The most common, respected third-party organizations include SGS, Intertek, and TÜV Rheinland.

They evaluate cookware for heavy metal leaching, coating integrity, PFAS and other chemical residues, and heat and durability performance.

None of these international or regional standards (with the exception of NSF) perform product testing to ensure criteria is met; this is done by third-party testing organizations.

Common materials used in kitchen products

Having a general understanding of the sustainability and safety of kitchen products is valuable, but learning the basics of the most common materials you will encounter in cooking tools and products will further help you make more informed and mindful purchases.

Plastic

Plastic is one of the worst offenders that compromises both considerations of health and sustainability in the kitchen. This fossil fuel-based synthetic material is manufactured with numerous chemicals and many of those have been shown to be harmful to our health. These chemicals make their way into our bodies by leaching into food or via consumption of tiny microplastic particles. In fact, it is estimated that we ingest 5 grams of plastic every week! Reducing the use of plastic kitchen supplies can significantly lower exposure to harmful chemicals and microplastics.

Learn more about microplastics and their impact on our health here.

While it’s ideal to minimize plastic use in the kitchen due to potential health and environmental concerns, some plastic items are unavoidable. When choosing plastic kitchen products, prioritize safer types and avoid harmful additives.

The safest types of plastic for kitchen use are:

• Polypropylene (PP), #5
• High Density Polyethylene (HDPE), #2
• Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE), #4
• Tritan/Copolyester

These are generally more durable, heat-resistant, and less likely to leach chemicals. Make sure to look for labels identifying these products as PVC- and phthalate-free; BPA-free is also very important, but it is still possible for plastics to contain other bisphenols, such as BPS. The best option is products labeled as free from all bisphenols.

Plastics to avoid completely	Why	Common suspects
PVC (Polyvinyl chloride), #3	Harmful additives like phthalates or lead	Plastic wraps, containers, utensil handles
Polystyrene (PS)/aka styrofoam, #6	Can leach styrene, a possible carcinogen	Disposable utensils, plates, cups
Polycarbonate (PC), unmarked or #7	Often contains BPA or similar chemicals	Older reusable water bottles, containers

Best practices to improve safety of plastics includes:

• Limiting Heat Exposure. Avoid microwaving plastic or using it with hot foods, as heat increases chemical leaching.

• Replace When Worn. Discard plastic items with cracks, discoloration, or scratches, as these can harbor bacteria, increase leaching, and shed microplastics into your food and the environment.

Sustainability of plastic

Plastic should be avoided due to its many downfalls, including fossil fuel dependence, high carbon emissions, chemicals used, microplastics, and non-biodegradability. Recycle worn or broken plastic products as available in your area, or possibly through manufacturer programs.

Got questions about plastic recycling? Find the answers here.

Silicone

Silicone is not technically plastic, although it shares some similarities. Unlike plastic, it is not petroleum-based, but it is also not made from natural rubber. Silicone is a synthetic polymer made from silica (sand), oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen. While it doesn’t break down into microplastics like traditional plastics, silicone is not biodegradable. It is technically recyclable, but near impossible to find somewhere to do it. Because of this end-of-life issue, silicone should also be avoided in the kitchen as much as possible.

Despite the issues regarding silicone’s end of life, this material is considered very safe for food use. The best silicone has been cured with platinum, which results in a purer, more stable material that is considered safer for food contact and is more resistant to extreme temperatures, making it less likely to leach chemicals. Platinum silicone is preferred because it is more durable, flexible, and non-toxic than lower-grade silicones.

In addition, look for food-grade silicone that has been FDA-, EU-, or LFGB-tested, which has undergone testing to ensure safety for food contact.

There are a handful of silicone items I make an exception for in my own kitchen because they are the best alternatives to single-use items like Ziploc bags, parchment paper, and cupcake liners. I also use a silicone scraper spatula, as I don’t think any other material matches the function of silicone in this capacity.

Sustainability of silicone

While silicone is very safe for kitchen use, its non-biodegradability and limited recycling options make it a material best used sparingly.

Stainless steel

Stainless steel is one of the most common materials used in kitchenware, from cookware and bakeware to flatware, cooking utensils, and kitchen gadgets. It is also one of the safest and most eco-friendly materials. Stainless steel is inherently non-toxic and is typically free from coatings.

Stainless steel contains two trace elements, chromium and nickel. These are not toxic unless ingested in high amounts. Both are leached into food, especially when cooking acidic foods or at high temperatures, but are considered safe and will not affect food quality.

Chromium is an essential nutrient, and leaching is well below dietary limits. Nickel is not a nutrient but is not harmful unless you have an allergy, in which case you want to avoid this type of cookware or choose nickel-free stainless steel (e.g., grade 18/0 or 430).

The best way to identify high-quality stainless steel is to look for a grade mark on the product or in its online description.

Key Differences Between 304, 316, and 18/10

Feature	18/10 Stainless Steel	304 Stainless Steel	316 Stainless Steel
Chromium Content	18%	18%	16-18%
Nickel Content	10%	8-10%	10-14%
Molybdenum	None	None	2-3%
Corrosion Resistance	High	High	Very high (better against salt and acids)
Applications	Cookware, cutlery, flatware	Cookware	Premium cookware

Other things to look for in stainless steel include:

1. Polish and finish. High-quality stainless steel usually has a smooth, polished finish that’s free of rough edges or imperfections. Low-quality items may have uneven finishes, rough spots, or visible seams.
2. Rusting or discoloration. If you notice rust spots, discoloration, or dullness, it’s likely lower-quality stainless steel. High-quality stainless steel is highly resistant to rust and corrosion, though it may still need to be cleaned properly to prevent buildup.
3. Weight and thickness. High-quality stainless steel often feels heavier and thicker due to its durability. If it feels flimsy or bends easily, it may be lower quality, especially for cookware or utensils where thickness improves performance.
4. Price and Brand. Quality stainless steel, especially in kitchenware, typically comes at a higher price due to its durability and manufacturing standards. While price alone isn’t a definitive indicator, very inexpensive stainless steel products are often lower quality.

Being aware of these signs can help you choose stainless steel items that are more durable, resistant to rust, and safe for long-term use.

Sustainability of stainless steel

Stainless steel is very durable, and any product made from this material is likely to last for many years, if not forever. This quality makes it an outstanding choice for longlasting kitchen products that will not likely need replacing in your lifetime. Like all metals, stainless steel can be recycled indefinitely without compromising quality. Stainless steel is one of the most highly recycled materials in the world; an average stainless steel object is composed of about 60% recycled material. The metal recycling process saves substantial amounts of energy compared to manufacturing products from virgin materials and reduces the need to source them from the earth. Therefore, seeking items with a high percentage of recycled stainless steel is the most eco-friendly choice.

Learn more about metal recycling here.

Aluminum

Aluminum is widely used in kitchen products like cookware and bakeware due to being lightweight and affordable, as well as being an excellent heat conductor. However, its lightweight quality makes cookware prone to warping and damage, especially uncoated varieties. In addition, it is highly reactive to acidic foods, which can cause aluminum leaching foods, which not only imparts a metallic taste but is a potential health concern.

Aluminum is prevalent everywhere in our environment, so it cannot be avoided entirely. There have been numerous questions regarding its impact on a variety of health issues such as cancer, Alzheimer’s, and fertility, and study results vary and are generally inconclusive. As the amount of aluminum ingested from cookware is minimal, but it is a personal decision whether you want to avoid this material. Fortunately there are some safer versions of aluminum to consider.

• Anodized aluminum. Anodizing is an electrochemical process that hardens the surface, increasing the durability and corrosion resistance while rendering it nonreactive.
• Clad cookware. Clad aluminum is coated in a nonreactive material such as stainless steel or a nonstick coating. A fully clad pan is a layer aluminum sandwiched between layers of steel, preventing aluminum leaching while enjoying its heat conductivity ability. Nonstick coatings are less reliable as they must remain intact to be effective; if the coating gets scratched, the aluminum becomes exposed. At this point cookware should be replaced.

Most aluminum cookware contains a non-stick coating, so this, more than aluminum leaching, is where focus on non-toxic cookware should be focused. Teflon, PFTE, and PFAS are commonly used and are toxic for people and the environment and should be avoided; more on that below.

Many aluminum bakeware products are anodized; some baking sheets may not be, and according to America’s Test Kitchen, this is perfectly acceptable because if baking cookies, less aluminum is extracted because the food is drier, less acidic, less salty, makes less physical contact with the metal, and spends less time cooking.

Sustainability of aluminum

Aluminum is derived from bauxite, a process that is energy-intensive and environmentally disruptive. Look for companies sourcing aluminum responsibly or using certified sustainable practices, such as through the Aluminium Stewardship Initiative (ASI).

Like stainless steel and other metals, aluminum is infinitely recyclable without losing quality. Its recycling process may be the most efficient of any material on the planet, saving up to 95% of the energy required to produce new aluminum from bauxite. Products made from recycled aluminum are a very eco-friendly choice.

Glass

Glass is an exceptionally safe material for kitchen use because it is non-porous and does not leach chemicals into food. However, there are two chemicals to watch out for and ensure any glass product is free of.

• Lead – Caution should be used with vintage or crystal glassware, as well as imported products, which may contain significant amounts of lead.
• Cadmium – Sometimes used in decorative paints or glazes on glassware, particularly in older or imported items.

Make sure products are labeled as lead- and cadmium-free.

There are three types of glass typically found in kitchen glassware.

• Soda-lime glass – Most glass falls under this category, which is less expensive to manufacture and is adequate for daily use. However, this type of glass is more prone to cracking or breaking under sudden temperature changes.
• Tempered glass – This is soda-lime glass that has been treated with heat or chemicals to make it 4-5 times stronger than regular glass in terms of impact resistance, and more resistant to thermal shock. Pyrex is probably the most well-known example of this type of glass in the kitchen.
• Borosilicate Glass is a specialized type of glass containing boron trioxide, making it the most resistant type of glass to thermal shock. It is typically more expensive than soda-lime glass and found in high-end drinkware and bakeware.

Sustainability of glass

Regular soda-lime glass is very eco-friendly material, as it is infinitely recyclable. Producing items from recycled glass uses only 35% of the energy compared to producing glass from virgin materials. If you are able to find glassware containing recycled glass, that is an even better option. Recycle broken glass via municipal programs,. making sure to check local regulations, as some may not accept colored glass or have other restrictions.

Borosilicate and tempered glass are another story. These have a higher melting point and cannot be recycled with regular glass, and finding specialty recyclers that process them is a tall order. I am not aware of any companies that offer recycling of their products (Pyrex does not), but you can always check with specific manufacturers.

Learn more about glass recycling here.

Ceramic & Stoneware

Ceramic is a popular material for kitchen products, including baking dishes, due to its durability, versatility, heat retention, and aesthetic appeal. Its sustainability and safety depend on factors like manufacturing practices, glazes, and recycling potential.

Sustainability of ceramic

Ceramic is derived from clay, and while this an abundant, natural material, mining and processing can lead to environmental damage if not managed responsibly.

Look for certifications that verify proper environmental management.

• ISO 14001 (Environmental Management) – Ensures the mining company has systems in place to minimize environmental impact.
• B Corporation Certification – Assesses the overall environmental and social responsibility of a company, including its sourcing practices.
• Fair Trade Certification – Though less common for clay, some artisanal products may include this label to indicate fair wages and safe working conditions for miners.

Manufacturing of ceramic uses large amounts of energy. Firing ceramics in kilns requires high temperatures, which consumes significant energy. Seek brands that use renewable energy or more energy-efficient production methods. Some manufacturers implement closed-loop systems to recycle water and materials.

Ceramic is not recyclable in most municipalities. Some independent companies may repurpose broken ceramics for construction aggregates, mosaics, or crafts.

Wood & Bamboo

As the only plant-based material found in kitchen products, wood and bamboo are very safe and eco-friendly choices in the kitchen–providing certain criteria is met. From a sustainability standpoint, the most important aspect of choosing a wood and bamboo products is seeking those that utilize wood from responsibly managed forests that limit deforestation and illegal logging, protect biodiversity, and engage in fair labor practices.

Another consideration for wood and bamboo products is the use of non-toxic finishes and glues. Avoid items that have been finished with polyurethane, varnishes, or other coatings that contain VOCs, as they may not be food-safe. Instead, seek those finished with food-safe mineral oil, beeswax, or natural oils such as tung or linseed oil.

Formaldehyde is the most common toxic substance of concern in wood glue; seek out products that are labeled formaldehyde-free or check with manufacturers. VOCs, phthalates, and isocyanates are additional chemicals that may be present in adhesives.

Sustainability of wood & bamboo

Sustainably harvested wood and bamboo are fantastic options in the kitchen. While these products require more care, they are durable and long-lasting. In addition, their biodegradability is a significant benefit.

Sustainable kitchen brands

Eco-friendly kitchen products are a fine balance between long-lasting items of good quality and those made sustainably with non-toxic, renewable materials. Investing in quality kitchen products, even if it means spending a bit more upfront, is always worthwhile. High quality products will last longer, needing less frequent replacements, and are generally healthier for you as well as the planet. Choose reputable brands and thoroughly research your options, particularly for larger purchases.

I like to use America’s Test Kitchen’s suggestions for all products kitchen-related. It’s like Consumer Reports (which is also a great resource) but dedicated solely to cooking and baking. Their product ratings don’t take sustainability or toxicity considerations into account, but I find it to be a good starting point for finding products that are both quality and user-friendly. There have been a couple duds over the years, but overall I have really been happy with the recommended items that I have purchased.

Bambu

Caraway

Caraway is best known for their non-toxic ceramic coated cookware, but they also produce ceramic-coated bakeware and food storage containers as well as other kitchen essentials. The company prides itself on manufacturing their sustainable kitchen products in world-class factories based in China, all of which adhere to strict ethical manufacturing practices and maintain the required standards for BSCI or SMETA. Packaging is completely plastic-free, consisting of 100% recycled cardboard and low impact inks.

Nordic Ware

Sustainability is a core component of the Nordic Ware mission. The 75 year-old company manufactures their non-toxic products at their factory in the USA, where they meet and exceed EPA regulations for air and water, engage in energy saving practices as manifested by their installation of a large array of solar panels, and waste reduction with robust recycling practices. Shop with Nordic Ware for a large selection of cookware, bakeware, and cooking tools.

Made In

Manufactured in ethical factories located in the USA and Europe, Made In products utilize high quality, non-toxic materials in their kitchen products. The company uses sustainable shipping materials and practices in addition to offering a free mail-in recycling program for your old cookware.

Zwilling

Founded in 1730, Zwilling is one of the oldest brands in the world and is home to some of the most recognizable and reliable names in kitchenware: Staub, Henckels, Demeyere, Ballarini, and Miyabi. Factories for these companies are located in Japan, India, and throughout Europe. The company is highly committed to sustainability and provides extensive information on its website, including detailed sustainability reports and action plans.

Non-toxic cooking utensils

Cooking utensils are available in a variety of materials, but which are best? Plastic cooking utensils can leach harmful chemicals and plastic particles into your food.

In this guide, I cover:

• Which materials are safest (and why)
• What to avoid in common utensils
• My go-to brands and utensils I personally use

See the full guide to non-toxic cooking utensils

Non-toxic cookware

Between concerns of aluminum toxicity and PFAS, non-toxic cookware is a hot topic these days. With so many options on the market, understanding the pros and cons of different materials is essential for making informed, health-conscious choices.

In this guide, I cover:

• Toxic chemicals to avoid in cookware
• Non-stick alternatives to teflon
• Pros & cons of each type of material used in cookware
• Product recommendations

Visit the full guide covering everything you need to know about non-toxic cookware

Learn all about the most sustainable cooking oils, including the best way to dispose of used oil, right here!

Kitchen Tools

Stainless steel colander

Salad spinner

OXO makes a great salad spinner, and fortunately for those seeking to minimize plastic in their kitchens, the OXO Steel Salad Spinner is a great option. The stainless steel bowl will last forever, and it even has a non-slip base to prevent slippage on your countertop. Also available at Sur La Table and Amazon.

Measuring cups & spoons

This is simple: stainless steel all the way. I have had the same set of Williams-Sonoma measuring cups and spoons for over 20 years and I will probably have them forever.

There is a wide variety of measuring cups and spoons to choose from: Target measuring cups and spoons are inexpensive, while cups and spoons from brands such as Williams-Sonoma, Le Creuset, and All-Clad will be very good quality, but will cost significantly more.

As for liquid, Pyrex measuring cups are probably the most commonly used. I’ve got them in 1-cup, 2-cup, and 4-cup sizes and they make measuring liquids simple and quick and are very convenient to throw in the dishwasher when you’re done. You can purchase the set of 3 from Target for $22.99.

Cutting boards

Wood, bamboo, plastic, glass, metal–what is the best material for cutting boards? Find out in my full guide, along with great non-toxic product recommendations.

See the guide on non-toxic cutting boards

Cutlery

When it comes to knives, both the blade and the handle materials and quality must be considered.

Knife blades

Traditional kitchen knife blades are made from steel, most commonly stainless or carbon steel. We’ve discussed stainless steel on this page, but to understand the difference, let’s review what steel contains.

• Carbon. This element is what transforms iron into steel, and the steel used for knives typically contains a high amount of carbon, which lends to its hardness and durability.
• Chromium. Added for corrosion resistance. Stainless steel contains at least 13% chromium.
• Molybdenum. Increases strength, but not added to all steel.
• Vanadium. Another additive for increased strength and wear resistance in premium blades.
• Other elements. Additional elements added may include nickel, cobalt, manganese, silicon, niobium, tungsten, and copper.

Carbon steel differs from stainless steel in two main ways. First, the carbon content is higher, which makes these types of knives much stronger and durable, and result in sharper knives that do not dull as easily and are easier to sharpen. The second difference is that carbon steel does not contain chromium, which makes it susceptible to corrosion and rust; these knives require more care than stainless steel knives. These types of knives are typically more expensive than those made from stainless steel.

Knife handle materials

Knife handles come in a variety of materials, each offering unique properties in terms of durability, grip, aesthetics, and maintenance. These materials can be either natural, composites, or fully synthetic.

The most common natural material used for knife handles include bamboo or various types of wood. Wood handles can be aesthetically appealing and have a comfortable grip with a warm touch. Sustainability depends on wood sourcing, with the best options coming from FSC certified wood from responsibly managed forests. Plain untreated wood or bamboo handles are biodegradable.

The biggest downside to wood knife handles is that they are more prone to cracking or warping and require a little extra maintenance. Some wood handles may be modified or stabilized with resin for increased moisture resistance. This results in a more durable handle, but resins and epoxies are petroleum-based, and these handles have a higher carbon imprint from manufacturing and are no longer biodegradable.

You may also encounter animal products such as bone, horn or antler.

Metal handles are usually made of stainless steel, aluminum, or titanium. They are durable and easy to clean, but can feel heavy and or slippery. Any metal is, of course, recyclable.

Perhaps the most popular of the composite materials are micarta and G-10. These are both extremely durable and long-lasting types of knife handles. Make sure they are labeled as ‘food-safe.’

• Micarta is formed from layers of a substrate that is compressed and set in resin, which is non-toxic when cured. The substrate can be natural materials such as linen, canvas, or other materials like fiberglass or plastic. This manufacturing process results in handles that are very durable and grippy even when wet, but more expensive. The resin used is phenolic resin, which is petroleum-based and makes this type of handle non-biodegradable; it is also not recyclable. Some companies may offer plant-based resins.
• G-10 is made in a similar fashion, but with fiberglass and epoxy resin. It is also very durable and resistant to moisture, but being petroleum-based, is not biodegradable nor is it recyclable.

Plastics and polymers are very lightweight, resistant to moisture, and affordable. They are less durable and being petroleum-based with the potential of shedding microplastics are not the most eco-friendly options. Polypropylene is one of the most common plastics used in knife handles, while ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene) is a popular thermoplastic polymers.

Knife recommendations

• Famous for the Swiss Army Knife, Victorinox has been selling cutlery since 1884. In addition to quality products, sustainability is a core company value. For example, leftover steel scraps are gathered and returned to suppliers where it is recycled back into steel, and wood for knife handles is sourced in Europe to reduce transportation emissions. Knives and many other products are NSF certified. I have several Victorinox knives, and they are among my favorites. They are also very affordable. America’s Test Kitchen loves Victorinox knives: the slicing knife, chef’s knife, paring knife, and steak knives are all winners of their categories, and others are runner’s up or recommended.

• Henckels is part of the Zwilling brand family, a longstanding trusted name in kitchenware. Henckels knives are NSF certified and made with sustainable materials: most wood, including knife blocks, utilize FSC®-certified wood, with all wood certified by 2030; plastic handles will contain at least 75% recycled materials. The company utilizes renewable energy, is Gold Standard certified carbon neutral, and is transitioning to plastic-free packaging. Learn all about the company’s knife forging process here.

• Mercer knives are NSF certified, but the company does not have any sustainability information on their website.

Did you know that food waste is the #1 type of waste in landfills? When food breaks down in a landfill, it releases methane, a potent greenhouse gas. Learn more about food waste and what steps you can take to decrease your contributions here.

Small appliances

Look for blenders, food processors, and other small appliances with glass containers or BPA-free plastic components to avoid potential chemical leaching. Buy energy efficient models as available.

For appliances with a non-stick surface such as electric griddles and waffle makers, avoid PFTE as you would with non-stick pans; instead try a non-toxic ceramic coating.

• Green Pan small appliances include grills, griddles, waffle makers, air fryer, and slow cookers have a ceramic non-stick coating that is free of PFAS, lead, and cadmium

• Our Place small appliances

• Bella small appliances, including electric griddles, waffle makers, air fryers, and more, are coated with their EverGood Ceramic Nonstick Coating that’s made without PFAS, PFOA, PTFE, lead, and cadmium.

• Hamilton Beach ‘Durathon’ Ceramic Griddle or Removable-Grid Belgian Waffle Maker – PTFE and PFOA free

Keep your small appliances clean to help them to keep functioning properly and lengthen their lifespan. Check out Consumer Reports tips on how to clean small appliances.

How to recycle small appliances

• IKEA will recycle small electrical appliances.
• Black + Decker small appliances can be recycled for free with Terracycle.
• Coffee brewers and SodaStream CO2 cylinders can be recycled at Staples.
• Metal appliances can be recycled for scrap.

Eco-friendly baking

Bakeware

Luckily, plastic is a rare find in baking supplies as are mostly composed of materials that can handle high heat such as glass, ceramic, and metal like aluminum and stainless steel.

Ceramic or glass bakeware is popular as a safer alternative to traditional non-stick or aluminum bakeware.

Non-toxic ceramic-coated bakeware

• Caraway – Ceramic-coated steel bakeware is FDA approved to be food-safe, and are free from chemicals like PTFE, PFOA, PFAS, lead, and cadmium. Products are produced ethically in BSCI and SMETA manufacturing facilities, and packaging is completely plastic-free, consisting of 100% recycled cardboard and low impact inks.
• Green Pan – Ceramic-coated aluminum or steel bakeware has been third-party tested and certified to meet FDA and EU regulations, and is free of PFAS, PFOA, lead, and cadmium. Green Pan’s factory generates 30% of its power from solar energy, and includes a wastewater treatment plant, which reuses treated water in a circular model.
• Our Place – Ceramic coating on bakeware is made without PFAS (including PTFEs and PFOAs), lead or cadmium.

Non-toxic ceramic/stoneware bakeware

• Emile Henry – This French company hand manufactures their stoneware bakeware from locally-sourced Burgundy clay. Products are free from lead and cadmium, and all of the glazes meet California Prop 65. Bakeware has a very high thermal shock tolerance and are able to go from the freezer into the oven.
• Xtrema – This family-owned and operated company offers fully ceramic bakeware made of 100% natural minerals, clay and water, fired in a natural gas fired kiln at over 2,000 degrees. They have been third-party tested to verify absence of PFAS, lead, and cadmium, and meet CA Prop 65 standards. Having no metal core, this bakeware is also microwave safe.

Non-toxic aluminum bakeware

• Nordicware – Made in the USA by a company that prizes sustainability, shop Nordicware’s uncoated aluminum bakeware, which includes the Naturals collection, for aluminum bakeware that is free from PTFE and PFAS. Do avoid their products with non-stick coatings, as they contain PFAS.
• Fat Daddio’s – Bakeware is made from 16 gauge anodized aluminum that is free of chemicals, extra materials and metals, harmful dyes, CFCs, PFAS/PTFE/PFOA, and is tested and certified by multiple agencies worldwide exceeding international safety standards.

Non-toxic glass bakeware

• Pyrex – Modern glass bakeware is free from lead, cadmium, and heavy metals, and, according to the company, is routinely tested at internationally recognized, third-party laboratories. Vintage Pyrex, on the other hand, is known to contain lead.
• Libbey – Glass bakeware is lead- and cadmium-free, third-party tested, and meets FDA and California Prop 65 guidelines. The company utilizes sustainable practices, including using at least 30% recycled glass in their products.
• Anchor Hocking – Glass bakeware is made in the USA and is lead, cadmium, and heavy metal free and CA Prop 65 compliant.

Cupcake liners

Go Green: Reusable silicone cupcake liners

Try BPA-free silicone baking cups that can be reused for zero waste baking.

• OXO Silicone Baking Cups – BPA-free, Set of 12 multi-color for $11.99. Also available at Target and Amazon.
• King Arthur Nonstick Baking Cups – BPA-free. Set of 12 red cups for $11.98
• Amazon Essentials Reusable Silicone Round Baking Cups – food grade, BPA-free silicone. Pack of 12 multicolor for $6.99

Compostable baking cups

I like If You Care Baking Cups, made with unbleached and chlorine-free FSC and USDA Biobased certified paper. They are industrially compostable.

Compost 100% paper cups unless grease-soaked.

Parchment Paper

Go Green: Silicone baking mat

Using a silicone baking mat is an eco-friendly, zero-waste substitute for both parchment paper and aluminum foil. According to Martha Stewart, they can be used up to 3,000 times…I’m all for eating 3,000 batches of cookies. In addition to the oven, these reusable mats can be used in the air fryer, microwave, fridge, and freezer.

Silpat, a French company, is known for creating the original silicone baking mat. These mats are composed of fiberglass, which distributes heat for more even cooking. The silicone outer layer is food-grade and free of BPA, phthalates, and peroxides. All Silpat mats are FDA, NSF and Kosher certified. The mats are offered in numerous sizes and shapes. The downside of these mats is that they are quite expensive, around $30 for one half sheet (regular cookie sheet sized) mat. They are America’s Test Kitchen’s favorite baking mats.

GIR silicone baking mats are a less expensive quality option. Like GIR spatulas, the baking mats are made with BPA-free 100% platinum-cured, pharmaceutical grade silicone.

Amazon Basics Silicone Baking Mats are a popular budget-friendly option at only $12.99 for a set of two mats. However, there is not much transparency about the quality of these mats other than that they are made from food-safe silicone.

Eco-friendly parchment paper

If You Care Parchment Baking Paper is the best choice if you need disposable parchment paper. It is sourced from sustainably managed FSC-certified forests, is totally chlorine-free, and certified backyard compostable. Available at Grove / Whole Foods / Target / Amazon

Any parchment paper can be reused multiple times.

Is parchment paper compostable?

Yes, parchment paper is ok to add to backyard compost.

Rolling pin

Go Green: FSC-certified rolling pin

As with any wooden product, the best choice is to purchase those made with FSC-certified wood that comes from sustainably managed forests.

• Crate & Barrel’s Straight Rolling Pin with Handles and French Rolling Pin are both composed of FSC-certified beechwood.
• J.K. Adams rolling pins are made from sustainably-managed hardwood forests in Vermont.

Make sure to use metal cookie cutters instead of plastic when baking your tasty treats.

Tabletop

Dishes

Dishes are commonly made from a variety of materials, each with its own benefits and drawbacks depending on durability, aesthetics, and usage. Here are some popular options:

1. Ceramic: Includes earthenware and stoneware, both of which are sturdy and can be used daily. Stoneware is more durable and less porous than earthenware, making it resistant to chipping and scratching.
2. Porcelain: Also known as “fine china,” porcelain is a high-quality ceramic known for its smooth finish and durability. It’s typically more resistant to chipping and can be used for both formal and everyday settings.
3. Glass: Glass dishes, including tempered glass, are generally non-porous and resistant to scratches. Tempered glass is stronger and more resistant to thermal shock, making it ideal for microwaves and dishwashers.
4. Melamine: Melamine is a type of plastic that’s durable, lightweight, and commonly used for outdoor or casual dining. However, it’s not suitable for microwaves, as it can leach chemicals when exposed to high heat.
5. Stainless Steel: Durable, non-reactive, and often used in casual or outdoor settings, stainless steel dishes are resistant to corrosion and are dishwasher-safe.
6. Bamboo: Often used in eco-friendly and lightweight dishware, bamboo is sustainable and biodegradable. It’s usually combined with other materials for durability but may not withstand prolonged exposure to moisture.
7. Wood: Wood dishes have a natural aesthetic and are typically used for serving. However, they are porous, can stain easily, and require special care to avoid warping or cracking.
8. Bone China: Known for its lightweight, delicate appearance, and translucency, bone china is durable, chip-resistant, and often used in fine dining settings.
9. Plastic: Generally inexpensive, lightweight, and often used for casual or children’s dishware. Plastics vary in quality, with some BPA-free options safe for cold foods but not ideal for microwaves or high heat.
10. Enamelware: Made by coating metal (usually steel) with a layer of enamel, enamelware is durable, lightweight, and resistant to stains and rust. It’s popular for camping or retro-style settings.

Each material has different care requirements and best-use scenarios, so the choice often depends on your needs for durability, appearance, and eco-friendliness. Stay tuned for a future post on how to choose the most eco-friendly, non-toxic dinnerware.

Drinkware

Most drinking glasses are made from soda-lime glass and can withstand daily use. Higher end glass drinkware made from borosilicate is more durable, but more expensive. These materials are also generally safe from heavy metals such as lead, but it is always a good idea to seek brands with a lead-free label. Caution should be used with vintage, crystal, or painted glassware, which may contain significant amounts of lead and/or cadmium.

If you can find glassware that is made from recycled glass, that is an even more eco-friendly option. Libbey glassware contains around 30% pre-consumer recycled glass. Crate & Barrel offers some drinkware made from 100% recycled glass.

Non-plastic tumbler cups

Glass drinkware is easy enough to find, but what if you need something less likely to shatter, like with kids? Usually that answer is plastic, but when you’re seeking plastic-free drinkware alternatives, options are limited.

Stainless steel is my favorite material for plastic-free, non-glass drinkware. They are going to cost much more than plastic, but they are far more durable and long-lasting, free of microplastics, and infinitely recyclable. Plus, they are great at keeping beverages cold.

Klean Kanteen is a fantastic company centered around sustainability. They are a Certified B Corp, Climate Neutral Certified, and a 1% for the Planet member. They offer 10oz and 16 oz cups made from 90% recycled 18/8 stainless steel. You can choose from a plain brushed finish or powder coating in lovely, chip-resistant colors. The 16-ounce cups have become a staple in our house.

Stojo makes LFGB Certified silicone cups with lids and heat sleeves made from BPA & BPS-free polypropylene; there are also no phthalates, leads, or glues. These would make great durable plastic-free cups for children.

I’ve tried cups made from a bamboo composite, but frankly I was not impressed. The feel is comparable to melamine, like this material, two of my cups cracked when dropped, defeating the purpose of a durable option that can be withstand kids. It doesn’t help that they were also very expensive.

Plastic straw alternatives

Stirrer options include products like these stainless steel stirrers, ones made from silicone, or find a fun design like these glass ones on Etsy. For compostable stirrers, try these bamboo ones made by Mini Skater.

Can you recycle straws?

Straws are generally not recyclable. The only option is to drop them off at a Subaru dealership, which have a partnership with Terracycle to accept straws, as well as plastic and styrofoam cups/lids, coffee pods, creamer capsules, and candy/snack wrappers. Check for participating dealerships.

Water pitchers

Finding a glass water pitcher is an easy enough alternative to a plastic one, but if you want a lid that is another story. Fortunately, I have found a few inexpensive options.

I recently purchased a Threshold 67oz Glass Pitcher with Stainless Steel Lid from Target for only $15. The glass is 100% borosilicate and is lead- and cadmium-free. There is a silicone gasket inside the lid with a pour and straining spout, but it is not entirely airtight or leakproof. The brand offers a similar glass pitcher with a wood lid, available in either 59 or 84.5 oz.

Water filter pitchers are plentiful, but most major companies don’t focus on sustainability. Brita does offer a free recycling program via Terracycle for their filters and pitchers, but there is a vastly better option.

LifeStraw is a Certified B Corp, which means they prioritize sustainable and ethical business models. They are also Climate Neutral certified and offset carbon emissions, and are involved in community projects to provide people worldwide with clean drinking water, and uses high quality materials in their products. The LifeStraw Home 7-Cup Glass Water Filter Pitcher is made from borosilicate glass and includes a silicone base. The filter The company claimes that theirs is “the only water filter pitcher that removes bacteria and parasites in addition to lead, microplastics, PFAS (“forever chemicals”), and 30+ contaminants all while dramatically improving the taste of your tap water. Retains essential minerals like magnesium and potassium that are good for your health.”

Flatware

Flatware is most commonly made from stainless steel.  18/10 stainless steel is the best quality to look for. It is durable and dishwasher-safe—a must for everyday flatware. Learn more about stainless steel above.

Disposable dinnerware & drinkware

Go Green: Minimize use of disposables

I’ve done my fair share of entertaining a crowd, so I totally get the appeal of disposable dinnerware. I’ve made it a goal to have an empty dishwasher and sink beforehand so that when the party is over, clean up is easier…we can just load it up. That’s not to say it always happens, and sometimes we’re just not up to doing a thousand dishes. When you’re playing host, do your best to use regular dinnerware. If you don’t have enough, consider borrowing or thrifting some inexpensive, and maybe fun or eclectic pieces for your gathering, after which you can redonate if you wish.

Best compostable paper plates

Many paper plates labeled ‘compostable’ are made of PLA sourced from sugarcane, and this is ONLY compostable in a commercial composting facility, which are rare.

Bambu is the best brand for home compostable disposable plates (and utensils). Made with FSC-certified, USDA Organic bamboo, these plates are USDA Biobased certified and CMA certified compostable. The company recommends cutting them into small pieces for faster composting. Enter ‘LETSGOGREEN10’ at checkout to save 10% on your purchase. Also available at Grove.

Are paper plates recyclable?

Unless you are throwing out a clean, unused paper plate, they cannot be recycled. Even then, plates made with a waxy coating are not recyclable. And after being used, paper products cannot be recycled after being coated or soaked with food material.

Are paper plates compostable?

Paper products with a waxy coating cannot be composted. If made from 100% paper they may be composted, but if made from PLA, they have to be processed in a commercial composting facility.

Best eco-friendly party cups

It’s time to add a new party acronym: in addition to BYOB, let’s BYOCup; Yeti has fantastic travel barware, and the silicone STOJO collapsible cup is an easy portable option.

For guests that forget, and you don’t have enough cups and glasses to go around, provide them with a Ball Aluminum Cup that keeps your drink cold and is infinitely recyclable. They’re actually sturdy enough to wash and reuse.

The best paper cups are Repurpose Hot & Cold Cups, which are made from PEFC-certified paper and are certified Home compostable. They are also free of BPA and PFAS.

Best compostable utensils

Food Storage

Ziploc bags

Ziploc bags are one of those things that we have become so used to storing food and other items in that we may not even realize it. I get it, they’re convenient, and I acknowledge that in some cases they might be the only realistic option. But even those cases, there are better options. You’ll be surprised at how far you can get without using a single one of those clear plastic bags.

It is possible to wash and reuse zip top bags, which is not uncommon, although it is not recommended if they were used to hold raw meat. While reusing does increase the lifespan of these bags, and may decrease consumption overall, it still doesn’t change the fact that they are not biodegradable and will ultimately end up in a landfill. In addition, reuse causes them to break down quicker, which is concerning for increased leaching of chemicals such as PFAS, aka ‘forever chemicals’ that have adverse health effects. The consumer watchdog blogger Mamavation tested multiple brands of single-use food storage bags and detected the presence of PFAS in 81% of them.

Clean and dry food storage bags can be dropped off with your other plastic film recycling.

Go Green: Reusable ziploc bags

Since I purchased reusable bags, my plastic bag use has dropped to nearly zero.

Silicone food storage bags

If the bags ever become unusable, they can be recycled for free via a mail-in program with Terracycle, but that day won’t come anytime soon. The only downside to these bags is the hefty price tag–one sandwich-sized bag is $12.99. That may feel like a lot up front, but considering this bag will save you close to a lifetime of Ziploc bags, consider it an investment. Try buying one next time you run out of Ziplocs, and another later on. I have frequently seen them discounted on Amazon.

Zip Top is another company that makes food storage bags from silicone. The sizes and styles are similar to Stashers, as are the prices. Their best and most unique product may be their Breast Milk Freezer Storage Set, which I would have loved to have had back in my breastfeeding days.

PEVA food storage bags

All other reusable bags that I have come across are made from PEVA, polyethylene vinyl acetate, which is a type a plastic. This material is regarded as a safer, chlorine-free alternative to vinyl products, like shower curtain liners. These are generally free of lead, phthalates, and BPA and are labeled as food-safe. However, there is a possibility that they could leach VOCs into food, making them unsafe, at least as a 2014 study determined. Unfortunately, there is not a lot of current information regarding its actual safety, which is why I decided to primarily used silicone bags.

In any case, reusable PEVA bags are a much better choice than disposable ones, and I do own quite a few. The best brand in this category is (re)zip. These bags are made from FDA-grade PEVA, which is third-party tested for safety and are free from phthalates, BPA, and lead. The bags close easily, and some come with a traditional zipper, making them ideal for storing non-food items. They come in gallon sizes and have a line of products for pet snacks and food, which can accomodate up to 40 cups. Like Stasher, (re)zip bags can be mailed for free to Terracycle for recycling. They can also be found at Target and Amazon.

I do own a couple other brands: these SPLF gallon-size bags and this set of Qinline assorted sizes. They are also great, but if I had to pick, I would go with the Stashers.

I will admit, nobody in my house loves washing the reusable bags, but this Marbrasse drying rack helps the process. For a plastic-free drying rack, try bamboo, such as the Zefiro drying rack, or stainless steel, like Grove’s Multi-Purpose Drying Rack.

Go Green: Compostable bags

For times you might need a disposable food storage bag, try sandwich and snack bags made from compostable paper.

• If You Care Paper Snack & Sandwich Bags are made in Sweden with FSC-certified unbleached pulp of spruce trees. They are free from chlorine or any wax coating and are certified home compostable by TUV Austria. You can find them at many grocery stores such as Whole Foods or online on Grove or Amazon.

There are compostable plastic ziplock bags available, but these are generally too good to be true. Nearly all ‘compostable’ plastics are not appropriate for backyard composting. They require processing under very high heat in a commercial composting facility, which are rare.

Still, if given the choice between compostable bags and traditional ziplocs, compostable is easily the better choice. These are at least plant-based rather than petroleum based, and are biodegradable.

• BioBag is a Certified B Corp that produces resealable food storage bags in gallon, quart, sandwich, and snack sizes, made from the starches of GMO free crops and are free of BPA and PFAS. They are certified BPI Compostable and TUV Austria Industrially Compostable. Products are made in the USA. Also available at Whole Foods, Grove, and Amazon.

Plastic Wrap (Saran wrap)

Plastic wrap is made from polyethylene, PVC, or PVCD and it is used A LOT. In the United States, every year we purchase enough plastic film to shrink-wrap the state of Texas.

This thin, clingy plastic is great at preserving food, but like any plastic, leaches microplastics and chemicals in the process. It is also challenging to recycle, often clogging machinery. And recycled plastic wrap is costlier than those using virgin materials. If not recycled, both PVC and PVDC can release a highly toxic chemical called dioxin when incinerated or left in a landfill.

Click here to learn more about plastic film and how to recycle it.

Go Green: Eco-friendly alternatives to plastic wrap

• Keep it simple. Use a plate to cover bowls.

• Reusable food storage bags, as detailed in the previous section.

• Reusable, non-toxic food containers. Head to the next section to discover more.

• Reusable bowl covers. Instead of using plastic wrap to cover a bowl, try a bowl cover such as Zefiro Reusable Silicone Lids. Also available at EarthHero.

• Beeswax wrap. These wraps are great for both covering bowls and wrapping foods.
  • I like Bee’s Wrap, made with GOTS certified organic cotton, beeswax, organic plant oil, and tree resin. They also have a vegan line of wraps that uses coconut and soy in place of beeswax. According to the company, the wraps can be composted or used as a natural fire starter at the end of their life. Products are made in the USA and the company is a Certified B Corp and 1% for the Planet member.
  • Meli Wraps is a Hawaiian-based company that utilizes local Hawaiian beeswax, natural tree extracts, and 100% GOTS Certified Organic Cotton in their wraps.

• Biodegradable plastic wrap. Hopefully the previous options are adequate for any situation, but in a case where only a disposable option will suffice, look for a biodegradable plastic wrap. Again, just like with biodegradable plastic bags, these products usually require special conditions to fully decompose, which are not available to most people, so use sparingly.
  • Zefiro Compostable Cling Wrap – BPI certified compostable cling wrap made from PLA and Biobased PBAT is made to naturally biodegrade or can be composted in a home or industrial compost facility.
  • Full Circle – Plant-based compostable plastic (PLA & PBAT) that must biodegrade in municipal or commercial composting facilities.

Food storage containers

As I want to limit contact time my food has with plastic, I seek food storage containers made from glass or stainless steel. Plastic lids are usually still the status quo, but at least the lids don’t touch the food.

Perhaps the simplest and most inexpensive food storage containers are Mason jars. Any storebought jar that contains foods like mayo or jam can be washed and reused to store other foods. You can reuse lids, or if you want to go totally plastic-free, there are a couple of great lid options made by Ball, which include lids made from either stainless steel or acacia wood featuring a BPA-free silicone gasket for an airtight seal. Zefiro offers similar lids made from bamboo.

Currently, my primary food storage system are Pyrex glass food storage containers with Snapware lids. Pyrex products are routinely third-party tested for lead and cadmium content; Snapware lids are made from recyclable polypropylene (#5) with silicone seals and BPA-free. Pyrex plastic lids are CA Prop 65 compliant and are free from BPA, BPS, BVP, Latex, Phthalate, Polycarbonate, Polychlorinated Vinyl, Polystyrene, PFAS, or PVC. I like the sturdiness and reliability of Pyrex, and the airtight lids are very effective at preventing leaks. The only complaint I have is that the lid tabs can sometimes be finicky, not clicking closed on the container. Pyrex x Snapware containers are widely available at retailers like Target, Costco, and Amazon.

Caraway ceramic-coated glass food storage containers are microwave, oven, refrigerator, and freezer Safe. They are free of PFAS, PFOA, PFTE, BPA and BPS, and heavy metals. Add their smaller Dot and Dash containers to transform these containers into a bento box.

Stojo food storage containers are made of FDA and LFGB certified platinum food grade silicone & FDA grade polypropylene, or #5 recyclable plastic. They are free of BPA, BPS, cadmium, mercury, lead, and all California Prop 65 harmful substances. In addition, products are manufactured in factories that meet the BSCI Code of Conduct. The best thing about Stojo containers is that they are collapsible, vastly improving the horrific world of food container storage. This quality also makes them simple to stow in a purse or glove box so that you easily supply your own coffee cup or container when doing takeout.

Klean Kanteen is a great sustainably-minded company that is a Certified B Corp, Climate Neutral certified, and a 1% for the Planet member. They offer a couple food storage options: food boxes and insulated canisters, both made from stainless steel. I own the Rise Food Box Family Set, made from certified 90% post-consumer recycled 18/8 stainless steel and food-grade silicone. The lids are leakproof and the system makes a great bento box for meals on the go. 

EcoLunchbox is another Certified B Corp, is women-owned, and a California Green Business. Their food storage containers are 100% plastic-free, instead made from stainless steel and silicone. Products can be found on EarthHero and Amazon; unfortunately I find that their most popular products are often out of stock due to supply chain issues.

Food Packages & Wrappers

Plastic food packaging and wrappers are a significant waste stream. In addition, packaging is a significant source of food contact chemicals (FCCs), a group of over 14,000 known chemicals associated with food packaging. More than 3,600 of these have been detected in our bodies. These include chemicals mentioned frequently throughout this page, as well as the entire site, such as PFAS, BPA, and phthalates,.

We highlight that the human population is exposed via food to chemicals migrating from food contact articles such as food packaging. Many of these chemicals are not sufficiently assessed for their impacts on human health, while others are known hazardous substances. As a consequence, we see a need for revising how the safety of migrating chemicals is assessed, using current scientific understanding. At the same time, different stakeholders are pushing for solutions to reduce packaging waste and end plastic pollution, but oftentimes not taking chemical safety into consideration. Therefore, we encourage all stakeholders to focus more on this issue and employ science-based decision making in the interest of improving public health. Reducing exposure to hazardous food contact chemicals contributes to the prevention of associated diseases in humans. And including chemical safety considerations in the development of sustainable packaging will lead to solutions that are beneficial to both human and environmental health.

Conclusion made in a consensus statement of 29 scientists, Impacts of food contact chemicals on human health: a consensus statement, Environ Health, 2020.

Go Green: Buy in bulk, prepare homemade meals

Fresh, minimally processed foods are key in decreasing food packaging waste and decreasing exposure to unwanted chemicals. Cut down on packaging by buying refillable products or buying in bulk. Winco has a large selection of foods, candy, coffee, and pet food available in bulk. Take your own containers to a local bulk shop fill them with a variety of foods, soaps, shampoo, lotion, toothpaste, and more personal care products.

Read more about plastic packaging in this article by National Geographic.

Can wrappers be recycled?

Recycle plastic containers as accepted by your local recycler.

Food wrappers and bags are usually not recyclable unless they are stretchy, saran-wrap like plastic, which can be recycled with other plastic film at store drop-offs. Chip, candy, and snack wrappers that have foil-lined wrappers are very difficult to recycle since they contain metallic elements in addition to plastic. Terracycle has a wrapper waste box if you are willing to fork out the cash. Or you can drop them off at a Subaru dealership; they have a partnership with Terracycle to accept wrappers; they also accept styrofoam, plastic cups/lids, straws, coffee pods, and creamer capsules. Check for participating dealerships.

Ridwell is a the only hard-to-recycle collection service I’ve come across that takes all kinds of packaging, including multi-layer packaging, frozen food packaging, and snack wrappers. Unfortunately they aren’t in my neck of the woods but maybe they’re in yours.

Paper products

Coffee filters

Go Green: Reusable coffee filters

Stick with the reusable filter that comes with your coffee maker, or if you don’t like the standard filter, there are plenty other coffee filter options. For the coffee pod crew, purchase reusable K-cup filters or reusable Nespresso pods.

Best sustainable single-use coffee filters

When shopping for disposable coffee filters, look for unbleached options. Unbleached coffee filters, just like other unbleached paper product, undergo minimal processing and are free from chlorine and associated chemicals. These brown coffee filters are a more natural, eco-friendly choice.

Are coffee filters compostable?

Both filters and the grounds are backyard compostable or can be added to your green waste bin. Properly applied coffee grounds are great for plants and garden soil.

Napkins

Go Green: Cloth napkins

I’ve never owned formal cloth napkins, but I did find some really cute, casual cotton napkins from the CozySimpleLiving shop on Etsy. If you know how to sew, you could easily and inexpensively make your own. My mom used one of the napkins I bought as a pattern and made a bunch more for me.

Best disposable napkins

Reusable napkins are suitable even for picnicking or entertaining a crowd, but there might be occasions when you need a disposable napkin. As with all paper products, look for items that are made sustainably with either 100% recycled materials or bamboo that minimize environmental impacts.

Are napkins compostable?

Napkins are not recyclable. They are compostable if not soaked with oil or grease.

Paper towels

Go Green: Clean with cloths/rags

Minimize or eliminate use of disposable paper towels. It’s a lot easier to go without single-use paper towels than you may think. The most eco-friendly paper towel replacement is to simply repurpose old fabrics–clothes, towels, sheets, etc.–to make into rags or paper towels-sized cloths.

You might want some better looking, uniformly-sized cloths that are kept on a roll like traditional paper towels. Etsy has a plethora of reusable paper towels available in cute patterns, including some cotton ones I purchased from CozySimpleLiving, the same seller as the napkins mentioned above. These cost around $20 for a roll of 12. Marley’s Monsters UNpaper Towels are very similar, but are more pricey at $38 for 12, or $42 for organic cotton. If you really want to splurge, try Coyuchi’s Conserve Organic Paperless Towels, a set of 8 GOTS certified towels for $48. As great as these companies are, I think these products are extremely overpriced. Again, these would be very simple to make on your own, as they are essentially pieces of cloth with surged edges.

I’ve tried reusable paper towels made from bamboo, such as these Kitchen + Home Bamboo Towels, but I don’t really care for them as they are only reusable for about one week and ball up if you try to wash them.

Microfiber cloths are very popular option for cleaning. I have tried to stay away from microfiber in my home because they are composed of fossil fuel-based synthetic materials which may contribute to microplastic pollution. Learn more about microplastics and other plastic pollution here.

Greenest single-use paper towels

There are some things I don’t want to clean up with a reusable paper towel, like dog barf or other unmentionables. It is handy to keep a roll or two of disposable paper towels around for cases like this. As with all paper products, look for items that are made with 100% recycled materials, which is the most eco-friendly option, followed by bamboo. Both of these materials do not contribute to the significant deforestation created for tissue products.

Learn more about choosing eco-friendly paper products here.

Listed below are the paper towel brands that received A+ and A grades on the NRDC’s 2024 sustainability brand ratings:

Of these paper towel choices, only Reel Paper and Who Gives a Crap are packaged in plastic-free packaging.

Are paper towels recyclable?

Paper towels are not recyclable. They may be composted if they’re not saturated with grease, oil, or chemicals, including cleaning products.

Kitchen towels

Organic kitchen towels are the most eco-friendly, non-toxic choices for drying dishes and your hands. I’ve used Full Circle Dish Cloths, which are great, $9.99 for a set of three. They also offer plant-dyed kitchen towels for $7.99 or a set of three for $22.99.

Bambu has a set of two very sturdy All-Purpose Dishcloths made from a blend of organic cotton and hemp, as well as a set of four MEEMA Kitchen Towels made with Upcycled Denim.

Crate & Barrel has a large selection of organic cotton kitchen dish towels. Coyuchi organic cotton kitchen towels are a nice but more expensive option.

I realize these towels are more spendy than other cotton towels, so if that is not in your budget, non-organic cotton kitchen towels are a perfectly fine choice. Just stay away from synthetic fibers like polyester or microfiber, which shed microplastics.

One other thing to consider is resisting the urge to buy cute kitchen towels for each holiday. I’ve fallen prey to this, but have since stepped back and realized how wasteful (and silly) it is to buy towels that I only use for a month out of the year.

Miscellaneous kitchen items

Bread Tags

Coffee pods

Go Green: Reusable coffee pods

Single-serve coffee makers are very convenient, but the pods and capsules required are expensive and they create a lot of unneccessary waste. Coffee pods will average out to be anywhere from $20-40 per pound, compared to less than $10 per pound for bulk fresh beans.

Instead, go with a single-serve coffee maker or French press.

If you already have a coffee maker that uses pods, then purchase some reusable pods. There are plenty of both reusable Nespresso pods and reusable K-cup pods to choose from. I realize that these might be a bit of a pain to clean, but you can take an extra minute or two to do it.

Given the choice between the two major coffee pods brands, I would definitely go with Nespresso over Keurig. Nespresso is a Certified B Corp and has much more in the way of sustainability initiaves, including working with the Rainforest Alliance to source sustainably-grown coffee. Their pods are made of aluminum, which doesn’t contribute to plastic pollution and are infinitely recyclable.

Keurig is a bit ambigous about their coffee origins, stating that 100% of coffee is responsibly sourced, and is “grown and sold in adherence to a credible sourcing program that aligns with our Company Supplier Code of Conduct.” Their pods are made from plastic.

Coffee pod recycling

Nespresso capsules are made from aluminum, so they should be able to be recycled with other aluminum items. Or, with each order Nespresso will send you a free pre-paid envelope to return your coffee pods for recycling. There are also multiple collection points across the globe.

Keurig pods are made from #5 (PP) plastic, which is recyclable, but not everyone has access to recycling of this material. They do offer K-cycle bins, a box to collect empty K pods for recycling. However, the cost is $120 for a box that holds 175 pods, or $170 for a box that holds 450 pods.

Subaru dealerships have a partnership with Terracycle to collect coffee pods, as well as straws, plastic and styrofoam cups/lids, creamer capsules, and candy/snack wrappers. Check for participating dealerships.

Reusable ice pack

Marley’s Monsters Stainless Steel Ice Pack is chemical-free, being filled with distilled water, making it a great plastic-free choice for keeping lunches cold.

Eco-friendly toothpicks

Try reusable metal Titanium Toothpicks from Package Free. For a disposable option, choose FSC-certified wood toothpicks, such as Up&Up Round Toothpicks from Target.

Non-plastic microwave cover

I had a plastic microwave cover that ended up with a large melted hole, which I found pretty gross. I decided to look for a non-plastic alternative. Since metal is obviously not an option, glass was the next best choice—but I quickly found that there aren’t many options available.

I decided to fork out $40 for Bezrat Glass Microwave Cover at Target. Reviews stated it was heavy, and while being glass does make it more weighty, it is not unmanageable for me or my kids. The cover has a nice grippy silicone knob on top as well as two vents, which is the biggest reason I wanted this cover rather than simply using another plate or a dish for a cover, which is a perfectly acceptable (and cheaper) alternative to a microwave cover.

Eco-friendly kitchen cleaning products

With all the messes made from meal prep and family dinners, it’s important to have trusty kitchen cleaning products on hand. I will briefly discuss my favorite plastic-free, non-toxic kitchen cleaners here, but for a full description of eco-friendly cleaning products and more recommendations, click here.

Gloves

Most household rubber gloves are not actually made from rubber but from from PVC, or vinyl, which is the most harmful type plastic for our health. In addition, these gloves are not recyclable or biodegradable. Instead, choose cleaning gloves that are made from natural rubber latex, which comes from trees and is fully compostable. Great products include If You Care Household Gloves, Full Circle natural latex gloves, and Grove Cleaning Gloves. If you have a latex allergy, go with nitrile gloves, such as the HDX Green 11mil Reusable Nitrile Glove at Home Depot.

Dish tools

Nearly all common dishwashing tools that you find in stores are composed entirely of plastic, or at least partly. But there are numerous companies that offer great dishwashing products that are made of natural materials and therefore biodegradable.

Dish soap

For plastic-free dish soap options, try a dish soap bar, such as Meliora Dish Soap Bar, made with simple, safe ingredients and available in unscented or lemon. Or for liquid dish soap, look for products packaged in an aluminum bottle, such as Grove Dish Soap.

Dishwasher detergent

Learn all about choosing non-toxic dishwasher detergent and get recommendations here.

Kitchen cleaners

The most eco-friendly, non-toxic, and inexpensive cleaners are quite simple. Start off with a reusable glass spray bottle, such as Grove’s Refillable Spray Bottle or Everspring Glass Reusable Spray Bottle. Fill with water, adding desired cleaning concentrates or tablets, or make your own cleaner with the plethora of recipes online that use basic ingredients such as vinegar or rubbing alcohol.

All purpose cleaners are the best choice to decrease consumption, simply using one cleaner for all surfaces, from stone countertops to stainless steel appliances to wood tables. Check the labels for recommended uses and test a small area first.

• Choose cleaning tablets. Simply toss one into an empty spray bottle and add the recommended amount of water. The tablet dissolves and you’re ready to scrub. These tablets are all packaged in compostable wrappers.
  • Blueland Multi-Surface Cleaner
  • Meliora All-Purpose Cleaner
  • Boulder Clean All-Purpose Cleaner
• The best all-purpose cleaner liquid concentrates include:
  • Dr. Bronner’s Castile Liquid Soap
  • Branch Basics – The Concentrate
  • Grove Multi-Purpose Cleaner Concentrate

If you’re seeking disinfectant, skip the bleach wipes; all cleaning wipes are made from synthetic materials like polyester and rayon. At home, use store-bought or home-made disinfectant spray with a rag to clean pretty much anything without all the excess waste. I prefer this natural disinfectant spray recipe from Bob Vila. I like it because it’s quick and easy to mix, and uses ingredients that you probably already have.

If you require cleaning products designated for specific surfaces, plastic-free options are very limited, but there are many non-toxic products to choose from.

• Glass. Numerous concentrate options:
  • Blueland Glass + Mirror Cleaner
  • Boulder Clean Glass Surface Cleaner
  • Etee Window Cleaner Concentrate
  • Grove Glass Cleaner Concentrate
• Leather. Pure Sense Leather Conditioner & Cleaner
• Stone. Seventh Generation Granite & Stone Cleaner or Method Daily Granite Cleaner
• Stainless Steel. Method Stainless Steel Cleaner + Polish or Therapy Clean Stainless Steel Cleaner & Polish
• Wood. Method Daily Wood Cleaner, Aunt Fannie’s Wood Surface Cleaner
• Floors. Grove Floor Cleaning Concentrate or Etee Floor Cleaner Concentrate. For wood floors: Aunt Fannie’s Hardwood Floor Cleaner or Method Squirt + Mop Wood Floor Cleaner

Heavy duty cleaning

Sometimes baked on food residues or greasy exhaust fans or ovens need something a little stronger. Many options, especially oven cleaners, tend to contain harmful chemicals such as VOCs,

• Grab Green Power Degreaser is naturally-derived, made without phosphates, phthalates, ammonia, solvents or dyes; cruelty-free. Also available on Amazon
• Method Heavy Duty Degreaser – plant-based formula. Buy at: Target / Amazon / Grove

Try a natural degreaser with vinegar and water, baking soda, or even oil, as suggested by Allrecipes.

Eco-friendly trash bags

Biodegradable garbage bags vs recycled trash bags

This is one of the classic there-is-not-a-clear-cut-answer-here issues. By now, you know plastic should be avoided as much as possible, and biodegradable or compostable materials are what we should aim for. So it should be a simple win for biodegradable trash bags here, right? If only it were that simple.

Take a moment to consider where your trash is ultimately headed, which is most likely the landfill. Here your refuse gets dumped and buried by layers of more waste. In that environment, your trash quickly loses access to oxygen. In this anaerobic environment, stuff takes forever to break down. Even organic material. If you’ve read anything about food waste, you’ll know that a simple head of lettuce can take up to 25 years to fully decompose in a landfill! Normally this breakdown process creates carbon dioxide, but with the lack of oxygen, methane is created instead, which is much worse at trapping heat in the atmosphere.

Under these conditions, neither type of bag is going to break down readily, but biodegradable bags have the edge since they will fully decompose, albeit very slowly. Plus, they don’t contain all the chemicals found in plastic that will likely leach into the soil.

Biodegradable garbage bags

• If You Care 13 Gallon Compostable Tall Kitchen Bags
• Biobag 13 Gallon Compostable Kitchen Bag
• Repurpose Compostable Tall Kitchen Bag (13gal) or Compostable Small Bin Bag (3gal)

Recycled garbage bags

• If You Care 13 Gallon or 30 Gallon recycled trash bags
• Grove 100% Recycled Trash Bags
• Green Polly 13 Gallon Kitchen Trash Bags
• Simple Human – the Odorsorb trash liners are made with 50% PCR (post-consumer recycled material)

Should you just go bagless?

No, skipping a trash bag isn’t a great option; in fact, some municipalities require bagging. Loose trash is likely to spread outside of the garbage truck, especially on a windy day. What would work, though, is to use other trash to hold your garbage, like say an empty dog food bag.

Are trash bags recyclable?

If composed of #2 HDPE or #4 LDPE plastic, then yes empty trash bags could be recycled with other plastic films. But of course this would entail you dumping your trash out of the bag and into the can, which may be less than desirable as mentioned above. In addition, plastic films need to be clean and dry. So most likely, recycling trash bags is not a feasible option.

And while we’re on the subject, adding any kind of bag to curbside recycling is a big no-no. Do NOT bag your recycling. This is among the biggest errors seen, and may result in your recycling being thrown away. In most cases, bagged recycling cannot be sorted. And plastic bags result in clogged facility machinery. Learn more about recycling basics here.

Final thoughts on eco-friendly kitchen products

As the heart of the home, the kitchen is where daily meals are prepared and family and friends gather. Transitioning to non-toxic, eco-friendly kitchen products is a meaningful investment in your health as well as that of your loved ones. It’s clear that finding high-quality, non-toxic, and eco-friendly kitchen products can sometimes be a challenging task, but in the end, we must strive to make the best choices available, balancing our priorities and determining which qualities we’re willing to compromise on. As a consumer, it can be very difficult to know where to start, but I hopeful you find this guide useful in creating a more sustainable, non-toxic kitchen.